Distribution transformer design. Jan 1, 2016 · varies by transformer design.

Distribution transformer design Single‐ and three‐phase transformers are extensively employed in the world's power distribution system. By Voltage Regulation Method Three-phase distribution transformers are connected in delta or wye configurations. Conclusion In the present paper, a MIP technique using the BB algorithm is proposed for the solution of the distribution transformer design optimization problem. – Design Aspect: Air ducts and The document provides specifications for designing a 50kVA distribution transformer with primary voltage of 2400V and secondary voltage of 480/240V. constant, K = 0. 3. The course is authored and presented live by Mario Salano, and the lesson is hosted on the Master's level. Summary of capabilities: 1. The cost and Dec 1, 2017 · Design optimization of distribution transformers with nature-inspired metaheuristics: A comparative analysis. Engineers without prior knowledge or exposure to design can follow the procedures and calculation methods to acquire reasonable proficiency necessary to designing a transformer. exportersindia. 433 kV but HV can be varied Distribution Transformer Design and Testing Standards Training Overview. applied the pruning algorithm to reduce the number of calculated values during the optimization process. TR1-1993; transformers, regulators and reactors ~ 2 Pages • CSA • IEC 5 Simple Transformer • Left coil - input (primary coil) –AC Source is connected to Electromagnetic design of line frequency oil-fi lled distribution transformers with primary medium voltage (part 1) Lesson 4 Electromagnetic design of line frequency oil-fi lled plant transformers with primary high voltage (part 2): additional reference to optimum design Lesson 5 Thermal analysis for power transformers: the This book is based on the author's 50+ years experience in the power and distribution transformer industry. 46" x 0. Transformer Mar 15, 2019 · Free excel sheet for transformer design calculation. Multi-phase transformers (6-phase or 12-phase) support high-capacity rectification in HVDC. These objectives include, but are not limited to, the following: • Design the transformer by selecting the most suitable materials to reduce the cost of the product • Optimize the lifetime owning cost of the product 1 2 Power and Distribution Transformers • Design environmental-friendly and safe product • Develop product suitable to This paper details the practical, step-by-step experience encountered in the design and development of a 2 kHz, 3. Oct 8, 2024 · Types of Distribution Transformers. 5 kVA distribution transformer. Overview of Design Complexity We usually place a transformer in a PWM converter circuit where both the electrical drive waveforms and various loads are well known. Air ducts and proper ventilation are critical in dry type transformer design. It highlights the importance of adhering to relevant standards like IEEE, IEC, and ANSI, and emphasizes the selection of materials, winding design, cooling systems, and insulation for efficiency and safety. 41" - Primary turns of 660 and secondary turns of 132 - Copper wire sizes of #7 for primary and 0. TRANSFORMER DESIGN SOFTWARE PACKAGES Distribution Transformer Design Package Core Type Distribution Transformer (3 Phase), Oil Type, Rating - 10kVA to 2000kVA (Delta/Star)(Star/Star) Voltage Range HV – 5000Volts to 36000Volts, LV – 100 to 1000Volts Complete Design Documents, Core Drawings, Tank Design, Radiator Design Feb 11, 2021 · This book can function as a useful guide for practicing engineers to undertake new designs, cost optimization, design automation etc. 2. Power distribution is a critical component of our electrical infrastructure, and the core element that makes it possible is the distribution transformer. Nair is an authoritative resource that delves deeply into the intricacies of transformer design and application. There should be a clear space of about 1. Another essential factor is insulation levels and dielectric strength , which determine the ability of the transformer to withstand over voltages, switching transients Jan 18, 2021 · The book covers the step by step design procedures of Oil filled Power and Distribution Transformers, Cast Resin Transformers, Earthing Transformers, Rectifier transformers, Amorphous core The sparing transformer supplies one load bus if a transformer goes off-line or is taken off-line for maintenance. Energies 2021, 14, 1362 11 of 17. The breather is a module connected with the oil tank for proving the air circulation over the oil tank on different A distribution transformer is a critical component of the electrical power system, used to reduce the voltage of electrical energy for electric power distribution to end-users. – Benefit: Enhanced performance and reduced electrical losses. 1. The author covers magnetic design theory with all of the relevant formulas along with complete information on magnetic materials and core characteristics. 1. Power Transformers Station & Multi-winding to suit specific needs & L. They are essential in commercial buildings, factories, and large institutions due to their ability to handle high-voltage transmission lines effectively. The transformer rating is determined by the maximum amount of power that the transformer can deliver at Apr 9, 2024 · The design of distribution transformers is therefore essential for ensuring efficient power transfer and reducing losses. Transformers design; Transformer design. One of the basic steps in transformer design is the selection of proper core material. 4KV to 750KV. A transformer is switched out of the circuit by opening its secondary main breaker and closing the tie breaker to allow the sparing transformer to feed its loads. If you have purchased a Distribution Transformer Design Software Package then you can design from 10 KVA to 2000 KVA, Voltage class 11/0. The main parts of this transformer mainly include Oil Tank, Conservator, Buchholz Relay, Breather Unit, Oil Indicator, Temperature Detector, Pressure Relief Device, Thermal Relay, Radiator, and Bushing. Here you can save your seat. 1 Power transformer A grid-connected solar PV power system makes use of a transformer to provide galvanic isolation while stepping up the voltage and transferring energy The document provides calculations for sizing a distribution transformer including: 1) Calculating the necessary transformer rating of 1600 KVA to supply a 1100 kW, 0. Dry type transformers are a class of transformers that do not use liquid insulation. 2) Determining the protective circuit breaker rating on the low voltage side should be 2500 amps based on the 2226 amp transformer design current. Input Connections three - phase transformer. This excel sheet calculates the number of turns in primary and secondary and total area occupied by winding. [cm5] [12-6] MLT In the three-phase transformer, core geometry, Kg, is: Three-phase :^=3f-[cm5] [12. Although the Jan 1, 2016 · varies by transformer design. It is a transformer that provides the final voltage transformation in the power grid, stepping down the voltage used in the distribution lines to the customer's level. 38-2014™/Cor 1, IEEE Standard for Pad -Mounted-Type, Self-Cooled, Single -Phase Distribution Transformers 250 kVA and Smaller: High Voltage, 34 500 GrdY/19 920 V and Below; Low Power Transformers Transformers are used throughout the electrical grid Step voltages up and down for transmission, distribution, and consumption Located at power stations, substations, along distribution feeders, and at industrial customers www. It plays a vital role in voltage regulation and load management, ensuring the efficient and reliable delivery of electrical energy. The first few chapters of the book provide a step-by-step procedures of transformer design. Transformer Design: Stray flux distribution Flux distribution with the tapping winding in position: (i) full rise, (ii) neutral, (iii) full buck See full list on eepower. Without transformers, the electricity delivered to your devices would be unsafe and A basic construction of a distribution transformer is shown in figure 1. Jul 15, 2024 · The development of new power systems containing large-scale energy storage devices is rapid, and it is of great significance to achieve efficient and reasonable utilization of energy storage. This is the 21th lesson in the Design of distribution transformers course. A design for a polyphase distribution transformer is described, with the transformer output pores accurately created in terms of relative phase angle and voltage. First edition published 2021 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742. The life of a distribution transformer will be shortened by unexpected high Prolec GE provides a complete line of distribution transformers ranging from single-phase pole-type distribution transformers to three-phase pad-mount transformers. Lesson 1 – Design process Design in a life cycle of a power transformer Design input parameters & requirements Design process steps Literature The combination of dielectric, thermal and mechanical stress in a large power transformer makesit still difficult to make a transformer’ s life cycle last for 30 or more years. Their widespread installations across urban and rural areas serve as a testament to their crucial function – safely and efficiently stepping down high transmission voltages to the levels required by end users. Existing strategies to address harmonics have overlooked transformer Dec 18, 2017 · After sorting, the best design can be choice by user as final design . TRANSFORMER DESIGN A. Jun 9, 2021 · The core losses account for about 70% of the total transformer losses, which makes it a fundamental consideration when designing transformers. December 2017; Transformer design optimization (TDO) is a mixed-integer nonlinear Jan 9, 2025 · Key Components of an Electrical Distribution System Transformers. In the multiple-output power supply, the total current drawn in the transformer secondaries is I(total output current) = Design of Distribution Transformers – e-lesson #21 – Optimum design with differential evolutions and genetic algorithms. , without the need for external help or consultancy. The designing of a distribution transformer can be done similarly to small size transformers. These main parts are the input connection, the output connection, the windings or coils, and the core. 8" x 5. 67% cheaper than the current technique. The book extensively covers the design processes with necessary data and calculations from a wide variety of transformers, including dry-type cast resin Nov 20, 2024 · What Are Dry-Type Transformers? Dry-type distribution transformers, unlike their oil-filled counterparts, use air as a cooling medium rather than liquid insulation. Nov 9, 2024 · The transformer can be made smaller and lighter for the same power handling capability, because the copper and iron are used more effectively. Adequate ventilation is necessary for tank and radiators so that they can dissipate heat. Nov 3, 2022 · Distribution Transformer Design. The core geometry, Kg, for a single-phase transformer is: I W A2 K" |. Pulse transformer design. WHAT IS DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER? A distribution transformer has another name that is a service transformer. A Design Method for Enhancing Distribution Transformer Overload Capacity Lingfeng Kou1,a, Xiaolong Zhao1,b, Jinli Wang1,c, Qipeng Song1,d, Zhifeng Liu2,e 1B eijing K yL ab o rtf Di s iu nTf rm Ene g-S v ch l(C c Received: 22 February 2017 Revised: 6 June 2017 Accepted: 6 June 2017 DOI: 10. Type Of Transformer Power Transformer Distribution Transformer Solar Transformer Wind Transformer Furnace Transformer Dry Type Transformer Compact Substation Solar Invertor Ratings 250 - 1000 kVA 1001 - 2000 kVA 2001 - 3000 kVA 3001 - 4000 kVA 4001 - 5000 kVA 5001 - 10000 kVA FEM approach significantly enhances distribution transformer design optimization (Ogedengbe & Mekid, 2011). Distribution’s transformer life can be predicted by monitoring the health of its oil and winding. 98mm diameter and 192/120mm widths. demand load (kW), Power factor after correction Feb 11, 2021 · Power & Distribution Transformers: Practical Design Guide is, as the name indicates, a design guide for practicing transformer designers with step-by-step explanation of various design procedures. It specifies design parameters such as a rated output of 50 kVA, primary voltage of 13800V, secondary voltage of 460/230V, and an efficiency of at least 0. . S Transformers are used to change ac voltage levels, as well as to provide galvanic isolation between circuits. Transformer design in multi-phase systems includes core shaping to adjust harmonics and magnetic flux distribution. 12. Drawing upon over five decades of experience in the transformer industry, Nair offers a comprehensive manual tailored for both novice and seasoned electri The Rale software is intended to be used by design engineers for transformer manufacturers. Fig. Transient magnetics. 2397 RESEARCH ARTICLE Design optimization of distribution transformers by minimizing the total owning cost Luigi Pio Di Noia | Davide Lauria University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy | Fabio Mottola | Renato Rizzo Summary This paper presents a new optimization problem for the design of distribution Transformer Losses - No Load Losses, Load Losses Stray Losses, Eddy Losses. This software creates transformer designs from 2MVA till 600MVA (in single and 1800MVA in three phases) and 0. They usually don't operate at full load, so they are designed to have maximum efficiency at lower loads. In a distribution system, distribution transformers are those that are located close to the loads and are used to reduce voltage to the utilization level, such as 120/240 V. K. The Taguchi DOE identifies critical design parameters, while FEM offers precise analyses responsible for offer & order design, design reviews and design tools development 2019 – 2020: a lecturer at Postgraduate specialist study Transformers - Transformer Design at the University of Zagreb, faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing. 2 kV-220V, delta-star, oil-filled distribution transformer. 1002/etep. 25 m on all sides of the transformers if it is enclosed in a room. ), Secondary rated voltage (kV. For electrical engineers this excel sheet is for transformer sizing, It is simple and easy to use. Jan 26, 2024 · The Computer-Aided Design ("CAD") files and all associated content posted to this website are created, uploaded, managed and owned by third-party users. This design makes them especially suited for environments where safety, ease of maintenance, and adaptability are prioritized. SGB-SMIT POWER MATLA (Pty) Ltd is owned by SGB-SMIT (GmbH) and Power Matla (Pty) Ltd. In addition, he provides real-world, step-by-step design examples. Transformers for generating Stations. This chapter considers the design of single‐phase power transformers. • “Core Form Design” • Fully mitered & step lapped in corner joints improves flux distribution, minimizes losses & sound level • Circular core shape provides windings with optimum radial support Mar 3, 2025 · This includes specifying whether the transformer will be used in transmission, distribution, or industrial applications and ensuring its voltage rating aligns with system design. T. Homfray* and D. A distribution transformer includes four main components that determine its design. com We’ll first review the fundamentals of ideal transformers, Jan 2, 2023 · 1. They step down high-voltage electricity from substations to lower levels suitable for safe use in homes, offices, and industries. They come in various forms to cater to different energy requirements and operational environments. Input Jan 6, 2025 · Three-phase transformers power industries and large grids for better efficiency and power delivery. Distribution Transformer Construction. 415KV, 50Hz, 3-phase, core type distribution transformer. F. For the first time in the design of this type of transformer, harmonics of the power grid affecting the transformer design, along with all design variables, are included, and their boundaries suitable for the production line are determined. The transformer should be kept in a well-ventilated place, free from excessive dust, corrosive fumes etc. In the year 1906, in India first timeoil immersed transformer used by hydro power plant situated at Darjeeling. Transformer Design Preamble 1. Rale software is the most comprehensive and powerful software. These results evidence the requirement of analyzing different types of core material for SPP distribution transformer design for future studies or field experiments and knowledge of how the core material behaves for a particular harmonic profile. Jul 1, 2024 · In this paper, the design optimization of hermetically sealed oil-immersed distribution transformers is studied. The AC magnetics simulation of the transformer core and winding was done in FEA The Distribution Transformers factory in Cape Town has been manufacturing distribution transformers and miniature substations for more than 60 years. Distribution transformer calculations spreadsheet provides fast calculations for the following: Determining the MV/LV transformer rating, calculating overcurrent protection device rating on the low voltage side of the transformer, calculating the prospective short circuit current and Calculating natural ventilation openings sizes required for the transformer Feb 18, 2025 · "Power and Distribution Transformers: Practical Design Guide" by K. 0 for distribution Transformers design; Transformer design. In circuitry, for conversion from AC to DC, the output contains a much lower ripple amplitude, and a higher frequency component, which is 3 times and 6 times the line frequency, and which, in turn, requires less filtering. The Area Product approach uses the product of the Core Window area and the Core sectional area as the principal design 2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 2. Transformers play a vital role in adjusting voltage levels. Design of Distribution Transformer 1Than Than Swe and 2Hlaing Zin Myint, 1,2,3Electrical Power Engineering Department , Technological University (Banmaw) Kachin State, Myanmar Abstract—This paper is to design of distribution transformer. 1 General The kVA, voltage/BIL (basic impulse level), impedance, temperature rise ratings, and coolant of the pad-mounted distribution transformers are required to conform to IEEE standards that define requirements for liquid immersed This paper proposes an R410A gas-insulated transformer (GIT) design on complex distribution transformer models and investigates the optimal gas pressure to maximize the insulation level and breakdown voltage limits for a given distribution transformer model. Switching on and shutting down analysis. Ali et al. are classified as distribution transformers. A wye-delta distribution transformer has a primary winding connected in a wye (Y) and a secondary winding connected in a delta. 2. 151" for secondary - Total copper losses of 62. The transformer rating is determined by the maximum amount of power that the transformer can deliver at Distribution Transformers H. 96 at full load. temperature rise for the transformer when it is used in a specified temperature environment. This article proposes to design a new topology of distribu tion transformer by magnetic coupling the energy storage device to a traditional dual winding transformer in the form of a third winding. Energies 2021, 14, 1362 11 of 17 (a) (b) Figure 8. A 50kVA indoor/outdoor distribution transformer is investigated. 415 kV load from an 11 kV primary supply. 45 (somewhat smaller for Aluminium) Window height/width, Rw :3. 3 Distribution Transformer Calculations – MS nput parameters: Primary rated voltage (kV. Estimation & Costing - You get complete cost of transformer manufacturing with MS Word Format. of how the core material behaves for a particular harmonic profile. 10. A transformer is a static device with two or more windings that These versatile devices have numerous applications, ranging from small ones in electronic devices to massive units used in power distribution networks. Out put of soft ware includes a lot of information about details of transformer that may be quoted to customer. His expertise in the field of power transformers comes from well-established engineering skills acquired in “Salano transformers”, a renowned Italian company that manufactured line-frequency power transformers for Italian power utilities. A delta-wye distribution transformer has a primary winding connected in a delta and a secondary winding connected in a wye. 1 TRANSFORMER RATING 2. This guide outlines the step-by-step process for designing transformers, covering key stages from requirement analysis to testing and production. Each CAD and any associated text, image or data is in no way sponsored by or affiliated with any company, organization or real-world item, product, or good it may purport to portray. They are power transformers, inverter duty transformers, current transformers (CTs), and potential transformers, which are being used in grid-connected solar PV systems. transformer manufacturers to adopt a precise design technique that can give accurate dimensions of the core to determine the impact of the design parameters on the core losses [14]. Key details include: - The core is designed using a flux density of 1. Introduction to Dry Type Transformers. • Power transformers: Transformers with a rating larger than 1000 kVA are grouped as power transformers. 85 lb Difference between Power Transformer and Distribution Transformer What Is Auto Transformer What Is Electrical Transformer Distribution Transformer Design A distribution transformer includes four main components that determine its design. It reviews the classic transformer T‐equivalent circuit and also considers its use in steady‐state Primary-side protection of distribution substation transformers (PDF) Design guidelines for substation and power distribution systems of buildings (PDF) Electricity distribution systems, substations & integration of distributed generation (PDF) Distribution transformer guide: Installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance hints (PDF) The other subjects covered include, carbon footprint salculation of transformers, condition monitoring of transformers and design optimization techniques. Aug 24, 2014 · Four Fast Transformer Calculations. This article delves into the design considerations for creating energy-efficient dry type transformers, with insights from Farady, a leading manufacturer in the distribution transformer industry. Since distribution transformers are energized 24 hours a day (even when they don't carry any load), reducing iron losses is vital in their design. M. A distribution transformer is a critical component of the electrical power system, used to reduce the voltage of electrical energy for electric power distribution to end-users. Each one of these materials Apr 9, 2024 · The design of distribution transformers is therefore essential for ensuring efficient power transfer and reducing losses. ), Max. QuickField packages that can be applied to the various aspects of the transformer design: AC magnetics. Transformer overview with parts Schematic sounds the side view of distribution transformer with all its parts II. 4. The transformer will be loaded to 81%. At the heart of transformer design is the electrical transformer, designed to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction. com 1. Transformer Rating. Finally, using the proposed method, it is easy to design an optimum transformer that is approximately 2. This paper presents the utilization of an efficient approach to determine the magnitude of no-load losses by applying Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software techniques. 7" x 14. In whole range of distribution transformers standard power rating, amorphous triangular core transformers and silicon steel triangular core transformers have been designed by use of proposed triangular core distribution transformers design algorithm. Mar 2, 2021 · SPP distribution transformer design for future studies or field experiments and knowledge. developed various design options for a 630 kVA distribution transformer using professional design software and based on a particular set of parameters1: • Two levels of efficiency improvement were investigated: o Tier 3a = Tier 2 minus 5 percentage points (A0-15%, Ak-5%) o Tier 3b = Tier 2 minus 10 percentage points (A0-20%, Ak-10%) The Bounds on Design Variables From designer’s experience and from design data book [19] the following values of design variables have been suggested for a 3-phase core type distribution transformer with copper as conductor material: E. SGB-SMIT, is the largest independent and pure-play transformer manufacturer in the world, with headquarters in optimal design of a distribution transformer was presented in [28], which combined 2-D finite element, genetic algorithm and a deterministic algorithm to find the final solution. The lesson takes participants on a progressive journey, from slightly special to highly specialized transformer designs. In addition to being useful for the transformer industry, this book can serve as a reference for power utility engineers, consultants, research scholars, and teaching faculty at universities. 0 Wb/m2 with dimensions of 225. Pertecnica Engineering’s Distribution Transformer Design and Testing Standards Training is tailored to equip participants with in-depth knowledge and practical skills related to the design, testing, and compliance with industry standards for distribution transformers. Two conventional design methods were used respectively for the design: the Area Product approach, and the Core Geometry approach. In He has also added several new subjects such as rotary transformer design, planar transformer design, and planar construction. and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN The proposed design system was applied to the design of a 1500 kVA, 13. Calculation of power losses, magnetic forces, induced voltages, eddy current distribution. Mario Salano was born in Genoa on 13 January 1950. Learn how integrated simulation methods can combine transformer and circuit response to achieve optimal converter performance in high-density power. 7] This reduces to: *,=1. Magnetic materials used to design low and high frequency transformers are shown in Table 7-1. This means that the main distribution transformer parts mainly include an oil tank, oil indicator, breather unit, Buchholz relay, conservator, temperature detector, thermal relay, bushings, pressure relief device, and several more. R. Our manufacturing and design systems utilize state-of-the-art technology supported by our ISO-9001 certified processes and quality assurance programs. Jun 13, 2023 · Mario Salano. Essential Terminology in Transformer Design. Optimal transformer design based on total owning cost using simple genetic algorithm was demonstrated in [29] which adopted penalty function approach to process objective transformers. Notable projects (more than 200 design verifications): Oct 30, 2024 · This transformers design course with instructor Mario Salano explores advanced methodologies and specialized requirements for custom distribution transformer development. The Electromagnetic design of line frequency oil-fi lled distribution transformers with primary medium voltage (part 1) Lesson 4 Electromagnetic design of line frequency oil-fi lled plant transformers with primary high voltage (part 2): additional reference to optimum design Lesson 5 Thermal analysis for power transformers: the It is basically the same thing for the core geometry, Kg, for a single-phase transformer and the core geometry, Kg, for a three-phase transformer. – Design Aspect: Optimized winding configuration. Oct 4, 2013 · This document contains design calculations for a single-phase distribution transformer. Transformer location. Jan 1, 2025 · The Nigeria's low-voltage distribution transformers suffer from significant harmonic issues leading to catastrophic failures. 1 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION While there is no generally recognised definition, a distribution transformer may defined as a transformer used to supply power, for general purposes, at final distribution voltage level from a higher-voltage system. Distribution Transformers 250 kVA and Smaller: High Voltage, 34 500 GrdY/19 920 V and Below; Low Voltage, 480/240 V and Below • IEEE C57. distribution, power and regulating transformers and guide for short-circuit testing of distribution and power transformers ~ 107 Pages NEMA standards publication no. In this article, we will discuss key factors to consider when designing distribution transformers. Many small kVA ventilated transformers (150 kVA and smaller) require just 2 inches of clearance, Dry-Type Distribution Transformers Feb 12, 2021 · This book is based on the author's 50+ years experience in the power and distribution transformer industry. It then outlines the calculations to determine: - Core dimensions of 3. In terms of the design of the transformer, the distribution transformer is closely manufactured the same way small-size transformers are done. distribution transformers, through reduction of transformers no-load losses. RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Ongoing FAT/FPI of 20/25MVA Power Transformer with BATELEC II at Dong Mi, South Korea♥️🫶 🔹🔹🔹🍀🔹🔹🔹 If you have any requirements of DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER feel free to contact us we are direct supplier of DONGMI BRAND made in Korea brand new 😇 We also supply all kind of Power & Distribution transformer including specific design for, power-center and substation Distribution transformers play an indispensable role in our modern power distribution infrastructure, despite often going unnoticed. Dec 29, 2018 · The document describes the design of a 200 KVA, 33KV/0. Dec 18, 2024 · In an electric distribution system, they provide a balanced load, reducing the likelihood of transformer failures and ensuring steady electric power distribution. Key terms like voltage, current, and turns ratio are fundamental in transformer design. 0-4. Boyle t 9. Cooling System Effective cooling is essential for maintaining the transformer’s performance and longevity. Dec 10, 2023 · This simple yet ingenious setup allows for efficient power distribution and voltage regulation across various applications. lrqx utbcag gtmu foux oikjox xigfiy psgvgf lymr kdqm syk aoytu qmbxyr fkd ygxjk tyk